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The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

The Nation's Premier Civil and Human Rights Coalition
The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund
The Nation's Premier Civil and Human Rights Coalition

Endnotes

CAUSE FOR CONCERN: Hate Crimes in America, 2004 Update

Table of Contents
grey arrow Acknowledgements
grey arrow Bias Crimes in America: The Nature and Magnitude of the Problem
grey arrow The State of Hate: Organized Hate Groups in the United States
grey arrow The State of Hate: Hate on the Internet
grey arrow The Human Face of Hate Crimes
grey arrow Recommendations
grey arrow Bibliography
grey arrow Resources
grey arrow Appendix A | Anti-Defamation League State Hate Crime Statutory Provisions
(PDF)
grey arrow Appendix B | Comparison of FBI Hate Crimes Statistics 1991-2002
(PDF)
grey arrow Appendix C | Offenders' Reported Motivations In Percentage of Incidents
(PDF)
grey arrow Endnotes
Endnotes
1 Levin, Jack and McDevitt, Jack. Hate Crimes Revisited: American's War on Those Who Are Different. Colorado: Westview Press, 2002.
2 18 USC 534 Note
3  The full FBI Hate Crime Statistics Act report for 2002 is available at: http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/-hatecrime2002.pdf
4  Racial and Religious Violence: A Model Law Enforcement Response, National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE), September 1985  at 36.
5  The National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium (NAPALC) has also noted that a lack of bilingual police officers can exacerbate community fears and mistrust — and may contribute to an inability to initially identify a hate crime incident and create difficulties in interviewing the victim and conducting an effective investigation.
6  Reporting rates for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender hate crime victims is also likely affected by mistrust and fear of the police.  
7 An excellent rationale for hate crime statutes is available online here: http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/intro.asp
8 The Wisconsin hate crime law unanimously upheld by the Supreme Court is available online here: http: //www.adl.org/99hatecrime/wisconsin.asp
9  Justice Department officials testified at hearings on before the House Judiciary Committee on July 22, 1998 and August 4, 1999.
10   For additional information about hate crime statutes across the country, including each state's breadth and coverage, see www.adl.org or www.partnersagainsthate.org
11 The Partners web site, www.partnersagainsthate.org, serves as a comprehensive clearinghouse of hate crime-related information, including resources developed through the grant, as well as other promising programs from across the country.  In addition, the Web site includes access to the finest database of hate crime laws that form the basis of criminal enforcement in the states, and counteraction tools.
12 Shively, M., McDevitt, J., Cronin, S., & Balboni, J.. Understanding the Prevalence and Characteristics of Bias Crime in Massachusetts High Schools. Boston: Northeastern University, 2002.
13 A version of this section of the report previously appeared in the September 2003 Technical Assistance Brief, Investigating Hate Crimes on the Internet, prepared by the Center for the Prevention of Hate Violence, www.cphv.usm.maine.edu, for the Partners Against Hate project funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), and the U.S. Department of Education, Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program.  The entire publication is available at http://www.partnersagainsthate.org/publications/-investigating_hc.pdf
14  Levin, Jack and McDevitt, Jack. Hate Crimes Revisited: American's War on Those Who Are Different. Colorado: Westview Press, 2002.
15 National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, Anti-Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Violence in 2003, 2004 Print Edition. Available at http://www.avp.org

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